This is a very brief set of examples to help you format your footnotes and your bibliography. In these examples "N" refers to the footnotes style, and "B" refers to the Bibliography. Please not the difference in each of these, specifically the way the name of the author is displayed, as well as the inclusion or omission of page numbers. Also note that the footnotes are always enumerated (1,2,3,4...) according to the citation in the text of your essay. Here is an example of footnotes in use.
Book
One author
- N:
- 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65.
- B:
- Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Two authors
- N:
- 6. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 104–7.
- B:
- Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Four or more authors
- N:
- 13. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.
- B:
- Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Journal article
Article in a print journal or online database.
- N:
- 8. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.
- B:
- Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.
Newspaper article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text (“As William Niederkorn noted in a New York Times article on June 20, 2002, . . . ”) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.- N:
- 10. William S. Niederkorn, “A Scholar Recants on His ‘Shakespeare’ Discovery,” New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
- B:
- Niederkorn, William S. “A Scholar Recants on His ‘Shakespeare’ Discovery.” New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
Citing the Same Source Multiple Times
In order to save time and space, it is not necessary to provide a full citation every time. At times you can use just the author's last name, and at other times you can "Ibid the citation".
Follow these rules.
1) Use the full citation when it is the very first time you use the source.
2) Use last name citation: Author's last name, Page number at any time later in the paper after the first time.
3) BUT use the Latin word Ibid (by itself or with a page number after it) if you are citing a source again right after you just cited it.
